The purpose of this course is to enrich our understanding of the issues in poetics that have most influenced critical discussion of the art of poetry from the 18th century until now, though our emphasis will fall on recent debates. Most of our reading is taken from poet-critics of the 20th century. I have organized a very diverse group of readings into nine categories. Although many of the texts might fit well into more than one category, I mean to focus class discussions on these broad categories of poetics--the authority of poetry (as distinguished from prose), feeling in poetry, thought in poetry, its forms and stylistic features, etc, and then finally on the evaluative criticism of poems. We will discuss the texts in relation to these large topics. Our discussions will not be primarily historical; we will try to approach each author as an explainer of the living art of poetry that we know now.
Each member of the course will give one or two presentations (about ten minutes in length) to orient class discussion, and those taking the course for a grade will be expected as well to write a paper of 15-20 pp. on a topic to be developed in conference with me.
Readings are taken from a course packet that can be purchased in Classics 10, and from Reginald Gibbons, ed., The Poet's Work;
Allen Grossman, The Sighted Singer
1. The Authority of Poetry
How is poetry distinguished from prose? Is poetry in any sense more authoritative than other literary kinds? What is the source of its authority?
Shelley, "In Defense of Poetry"
Emerson, "The Poet"
Heidegger, "What Are Poets For?"
Lorca, "The Duende: Theory and Divertissement" (in Gibbons, The Poet's Work)
Nathaniel Mackey, "Cante Moro"
Fernando Pessoa, "Toward Explaining Heteronymy" (in Gibbons)
Paul Valery,
Seamus Heaney, "The Government of the Tongue"
Robert Pinsky, "Responsibilities of the Poet"
Wendell Berry, "The Specialization of Poetry" (in Gibbons)
Timothy Steele, "The Superior Art"
Weeks One and Two
Tuesday, October 1:
Thursday, October 3:
Tuesday, October 8:
Thursday, October 10:
2. Emotion and Feeling in Poetry
Is poetry any more concerned with emotion or feeling than other literary kinds are? Are particular feelings more appropriate to this art than other feelings are?
Longinus, "On the Sublime"
Matthew Arnold, "The Study of Poetry"
Edmund Burke,
Allen Grossman, Summa Lyrica
T. S. Eliot, "The Metaphysical Poets"
Week Three
Tuesday, October 15:
Thursday, Octobert 17:
3. Thought in Poems
Does poetry have the resources to pursue intellectual objectives? How do its formal properties enhance or compromise its intellectuality?
Ezra Pound
Donald Davie, "Ideas in the Cantos"
Robert Pinsky, "The Discursive Aspect of Poetry"
Christopher Ricks,
Paul Valery, "Poetry and Abstract Thought"
Charles Bernstein, "ThoughtÕs Measure"
Yvor Winters, "The Significance of The Bridge"
W. B. Gallie, "Is the Prelude a Philosophical Poem?"
Week Four
Tuesday, October 22:
Thursday, October 24:
4. The Claims of Form
What constitutes poetic form? What significance has been attributed to poetic form and why?
John Crowe Ransom, "Forms and Citizens"
Helen Vendler, "Introduction" to The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets
Roman Jakobson
Robert Hass, "One Body: Some Notes on Form"
Denise Levertov, "Some Notes on Organic Form" (in Gibbons)
Robert Duncan, "Notes on Poetic Form" (in Gibbons)
Week Five
Tuesday, October 29:
Thursday, October 31:
5. Elements of Style (I): Diction
How should poets choose their words, under what constraints or with what liberty? What significance do their word-choices have? In what sense is word-choice political?
Samuel Johnson, "Preface to Shakespeare"
Wordsworth, "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"
Donald Davie, from Purity of Diction
Miles, "The Sublime Poem" and "Ifs, Ands, and Buts for the Reader of Donne"
Marie Borroff,
Hugh Kenner, on Stevens
Paul Valery, "Pure Poetry"
Osip Mandelstam, "The Word & Culture" (in Gibbons)
Elder Olson, "William Empson, Contemporary Criticism, and Poetic Diction"
Charles Bernstein, "Stray Straws and Straw Men" and "Poetics of the Americas"
Yvor Winters, "Poetic Convention"
Wallace Stevens, "The Noble Rider and the Sound of Words"
Michael Palmer, "Technologies of Presence"
Week Six
Tuesday, November 5:
Thursday, November 7:
6. Elements of Style (II): Syntax
How much does it matter that poetry has traditionally enjoyed alternatives to prose syntax? How functional are alternatives to prose syntax? Is poetry liberated or constrained by these alternatives?
Christopher Ricks, "The Grand Style"
Fenollosa & Pound, The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry
Robert Frost, "The Shape of a Sentence"
Bob Perelman, "Parataxis and Narrative: The New Sentence in Theory and Practice"
Week Seven
Tuesday, November 12:
Thursday, November 14:
7. Elements of Style (III): Prosody
To what extent is a poem a construct of sound, and to what extent a contstruct of sense, or meaning? Are poems truly addressed to the body anymore than prose is? Are patterns of sound important only insofar as they modify the sense of a poem? What are the connections between speech and constructs of sound?
Coleridge
Charles Olson, "Projective Verse"
W. K. Wimsatt, "One Relation of Rhyme and Reason"
Donald Davie, "Rhythms in the Cantos"
Yvor Winters, "The Audible Reading of Poetry"
John Hollander, "The Poem in the Eye"
G. M. Hopkins, "Author's Preface on Rhythm"
Theodore Roethke, "Some Remarks on Rhythm"
John Thompson, "Introduction" to The Founding of English Metre
Roman Jakobson, from The Sound Shape of Language
Yuri Tynianov, "The Acoustic Approach to Verse and Its Inadequacy"
Week Eight
Tuesday, November 19:
Thursday, November 21:
8. Poetry among the Discourses
What are the consequences of poetry being oriented on university culture? Does poetry compete for authority with other discourses, such as philosophy, or journalism?
John Hollander, "The Work of Poetry" and "O Heavy Verse! The Shopwork of the Workshops"
Bob Perelman, "The Marginalization of Poetry"
Robert Hass, "Reading Milosz"
John Koethe, "Contrary Impulses"
Week Nine
Tuesday, November 26:
Thursday, November 28:
9. Evaluation
Northrop Frye
Barbara Herrnstein Smith, "The Exile of Value"
Elder Olson, "On Value Judgments in the Arts"
Yvor Winters
F. R. Leavis, "Valuation in Criticism"
E. D. Hirsch, "Evaluation as Knowledge"
Week Ten
Tuesday, December 3:
Thursday, December 5:
Friday, December 6: Papers due.